Atividade antibacteriana de cimentos endodônticos puros e acrescidos de antibióticos contra duas linhagens ATCC de Enterococcus faecalis / Antibacterial activity of pure endodontic sealers and antibiotic-loaded sealers against two ATCC strains of Enterococcus faecalis

Introdução: canais radiculares necrosados e não tratados se caracterizam pela presença de uma microbiota mista e polimicrobiana.O E. faecalis demonstra alta resistência a medicamentos usados durante o tratamento endodôntico, sendo um dos poucos microrganismos que tem demonstrado in vitro resistir ao efeito antibacteriano do hidróxido de cálcio. Além disso, é a espécie bacteriana mais frequentemente isolada, com prevalência variando entre 29% e 77% nos canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico. Objetivo: avaliar a atividade antibacteriana dos cimentos endodônticos MTA Fillapex, Sealapex, Sealer 26 e Endofill puros e acrescidos de amoxicilina e ciprofloxacina frente a duas linhagens ATCC de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 e ATCC 4083). Método: os testes foram realizados pela técnica de difusão radial dos cimentos aplicados diretamente no ágar, impregnados em discos de papel aplicados sobre o ágar e pelo teste de contato direto. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se os testes de ANOVA e Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados e Discussão: os resultados mostraram que pela técnica da difusão radial, considerando os cimentos puros, o Sealapex foi o único que apresentou halo de inibição frente às duas linhagens. Já, quando da associação da amoxicilina e ciprofloxacina o MTA Fillapex demonstrou os melhores halos de inibição para as duas linhagens. Todos os cimentos tiveram a ação potencializada pela adição dos antibióticos (p<0,05). Pela técnica de difusão dos cimentos impregnados em discos de papel, o cimento Sealapex puro fresco revelou atividade antimicrobiana e também em todas as variáveis de tempo. Quando acrescidos os antibióticos, todos os cimentos tiveram a ação antimicrobiana potencializada pelas drogas, em todas as variáveis de tempo. Este mesmo resultado foi observado na técnica do contato direto dos cimentos com ambas as linhagens. Conclusão: a atividade antibacteriana, frente ao E. faecalis, dos cimentos MTA Fillapex, Endofill, Sealer e Sealapex acrescidos os antibióticos amoxicilina e ciprofloxacina, é potencializada mesmo após um longo período da presa dos cimentos.

Introduction: necrotic root canals and untreated are characterized by the presence of a mixed and polymicrobial flora. E. faecalis show high resistance to drugs used during endodontic treatment, one of the few microorganisms which have shown in vitro to resist the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide. Furthermore, it is the bacterial species most often isolated, with a prevalence ranging between 29% and 77%, in root canals of teeth with endodontic failure. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the sealers MTA Fillapex, Sealapex, Sealer 26 and Endofill, pure and loaded with amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin against two ATCC strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212 and ATCC 4083). Method: the tests were conducted by means of radial diffusion technique of the cement applied in to the agar, impregnated paper discs applied on the agar and by the direct contact test. For the statistical analysis, the ANOVA and the Tukey?s test were used at a 5% significance level. Results and Discussion: results showed that, through the technique of radial diffusion, regarding the pure cements, the Sealapex was the only one that showed inhibition halo for the two strains. However, considering the association of amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin Fillapex, the MTA showed better inhibition zones for the two strains. All cements had their actions enhanced by with addition of antibiotics (p <0.05). Through the technique of diffusion of cements impregnated in paper discs, the Sealapex pure fresh cement revealed an antimicrobial activity and also in all the variables of time. When loaded with antibiotics, all cements had the antimicrobial action potentiated by drugs in all variables of time. The same result was observed in the technique of direct contact of cement with both strains. Conclusionn: the antibacterial activity against the E. faecalis, of the cements MTA Fillapex, Endofill, Sealer and Sealapex loaded with the antibiotics amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin, is enhanced even after a long period of use of cements.

Ceftriaxona 500mg para tratamento da Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistente à ciprofloxacina / Ceftriaxone 500mg for treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to ciprofloxacin

CONTEXTO: A gonorreia é uma das infecções bacterianas mais frequentes e é causada pela Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Encontra-se atualmente entre as cinco principais infecções sexualmente transmissíveis mais notificadas na população masculina. Dentre as mudanças propostas pelo PCDT para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis - IST em discussão, recebe destaque a alteração do esquema terapêutico atualmente em uso para o controle da Neisseria gonorrhoeae no Brasil, que prevê a substituição da ciprofloxacina 500mg, dose única via oral, pela ceftriaxona 500mg, dose única via intramuscular. Essa alteração tem como principal objetivo conter o desenvolvimento de maior resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos disponíveis na rede pública para o tratamento desse agravo. TRATAMENTO: Para a escolha do tratamento da infecção gonocócica a OMS estabelece critérios de eficácia, segurança, custo, adesão e disponibilidade, nos seguintes termos: -Eficácia: os medicamentos utilizados devem ter uma taxa de cura de pelo menos 95%. Esquemas terapêuticos com eficácia entre 85% e 95% devem ser utilizados com cautela e abaixo de 85% são considerados inaceitáveis. -Segurança: a presença de efeitos colaterais é a segunda maior preocupação na escolha dos tratamentos e desempenha papel de extrema relevância em mulheres grávidas ou em aleitamento, portanto, o nível de toxicidade deve permanecer dentro de padrões aceitáveis para a saúde do paciente, do feto e do bebê. -Custo: o custo do medicamento deve ser analisado e comparado aos custos de retratamento, eventuais complicações, e risco de transmissão e resistência. -Observância e aceitabilidade: os tratamentos devem ser de preferência em dose única e administrados por via oral. -Disponibilidade: os tratamentos selecionados devem levar em conta a aprovação sanitária no país. Além desses critérios, devem ser consideradas as co-infecções existentes e o risco de redução da eficácia para outras indicações terapêuticas. A TECNOLOGIA: A ceftriaxona é um antibiótico de terceira geração da família da cefalosporina registrado na ANVISA, por meio da Resolução 252 de 5 de março de 2001. O medicamento está disponível no mercado em diferentes apresentações, todas injetáveis, sendo indicado para o tratamento de eventos de sepsemia; meningite; infecções intra-abdominais (peritonites, infecções do trato gastrintestinal e biliar); infecções ósseas, articulares, tecidos moles, pele e feridas; infecções em pacientes imunocomprometidos; infecções renais e do trato urinário; infecções do trato respiratório, particularmente pneumonia e infecções otorrinolaringológicas; infecções genitais, inclusive gonorreia; profilaxia de infecções pré-operatórias; Borreliose de Lyme (Doença de Lyme). RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: Na 34ª Reunião da CONITEC, realizada no dia 2 de abril de 2015, os membros do plenário deliberaram por unanimidade recomendar a incorporação da ceftriaxona 500mg injetável para o tratamento de gonorreia resistente à ciprofloxacina, conforme normas técnicas definidas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 110/2015. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 58, de 1 de outubro de 2015 - Torna pública a decisão de incorporar a ceftriaxona 500mg injetável para o tratamento de gonorreia resistente à ciprofloxacina, conforme normas técnicas definidas pelo Ministério da Saúde, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.

Ciprofloxacin: an uncommon drug reaction to a commonly used drug

No abstract available.

Acute Pancreatitis Secondary to Ciprofloxacin Therapy in Patients with Infectious Colitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ciprofloxacin is considered to be a safe and effective treatment for acute infectious colitis. However, this drug may cause drug-induced pancreatitis, albeit rarely. METHODS: From March 2007 to February 2012, we studied 227 patients who were hospitalized for infectious colitis at St. Mary's Hospital. All of the patients received ciprofloxacin therapy for the treatment of infectious colitis. We observed a few cases of rare adverse events, including ciprofloxacin-induced acute pancreatitis diagnosed based on the Naranjo algorithm. RESULTS: During ciprofloxacin therapy, seven of 227 patients (3.1%) developed rare pancreatitis as defined by the Naranjo algorithm; pancreatic enzyme activity was sporadically elevated with ciprofloxacin use. After ciprofloxacin administration, the average interval until the development of pancreatitis was 5.5 days (range, 4 to 7 days). On abdominal computed tomography, pancreatic swelling and homogenous enhancement was noted in three of seven patients. Complicating acute pancreatitis was gradually but completely resolved after cessation of ciprofloxacin administration. The mean recovery time was 11.3 days (range, 8 to 15 days). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that ciprofloxacin-induced pancreatitis may occur with an incidence of approximately 3%. Ciprofloxacin-induced pancreatitis presents a short latency, suggesting an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction. Practitioners should be aware that drug-induced pancreatitis can occur during ciprofloxacin therapy.

Aggravation of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity by ciprofloxacin

To evaluate histopathological changes of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits receiving the combination of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin compared with rabbits receiving gentamicin alone. Laboratory based Randomized controlled trial. Study was conducted in the department of Histopathology with the collaboration of the department of Pharmacology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi and National University of Sciences and Technology [NUST] Islamabad. Eighteen rabbits were used in this study. They were divided randomly into three groups. Each group contained six rabbits. Group 1 [control] was injected subcutaneously with 0.9% NaCl. The second group of animals was injected with gentamicin. The third group of animals was injected with the same dose of gentamicin and additionally ciprofloxacin. The findings were entered and analyzed with the help of histopathological [HP] score calculated by summing up the histological parameters through Microsoft excel and Graph pad Instat 3. Necrosis, congestion and inflammatory infiltrate were graded as absent, mild, moderate and severe. The score assigned was from 0 to 4 accordingly. Highest tubular necrosis grade [grade 3] and maximum inflammatory changes [moderate grade] were observed in 50% of rabbits of group 3, receiving combination of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. p-values were significant <0.01. Combined administration of ciprofloxacin along with gentamicin in rabbits enhances adverse histopathological effects of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity

Depósitos corneales de ciprofloxacino / Corneal deposits of ciprofloxacin

Las fluoroquinolonas son ampliamente utilizadas para el tratamiento de infecciones oculares bacterianas, ya que tienen actividad tanto para grampositivos, como para gramnegativos. Son fármacos seguros, pero se han descrito depósitos blancos cristalinianos en pacientes con administración frecuente y prolongada;en la mayoría de los casos, ellos resuelven de forma lenta al interrumpir el tratamiento. Si esto no ocurre, los depósitos se deben desbridar. Se ilustran 3 casos operados de catarata que llevaron tratamiento con ciprofloxacino en el posoperatorio, en los cuales se presentaron depósitos corneales y aunque disminuyó la agudeza visual, esta se recuperó después de la queratectomía

Fluoroquinolones are broadly used for the treatment of bacterial ocular infections, since they can act upon both grampositive and gramnegative bacteria. They are safe drugs, but white corneal deposits have been described in patients who frequently take this drug for a long period of time. In most of the cases, the deposits disappear slowly after the treatment is interrupted. If this does not happen, the deposits should be eliminated. Three cases operated on from cataract were presented, who had been taken ciprofloxacin in the postoperative stage and had corneal deposits. Although their visual acuity decreased, it recovered after keratectomy

Toxic epidermal necrolysis and agranulocytosis: Rare adverse effects of ciprofloxacin.

Ciprofloxacin is one of the most commonly used antibacterial agents with relatively few side effects. Serious adverse reactions reported with ciprofloxacin are rare with an incidence of 0.6%. Recently we came across two rare adverse effects of ciprofloxacin, viz. toxic epidermal necrolysis and agranulocytosis. To our knowledge, a total of seven cases have been reported in the literature documenting an association between oral ciprofloxacin administration and toxic epidermal necrolysis. One case of granulocytopenia, four of pancytopenia and fifteen of leucopenia worldwide have been reported. With the use of ciprofloxacin becoming more and more widespread, these two rare but fatal complications of ciprofloxacin should be borne in mind.

efficacy of topical solution of 0.3% ciprofloxacin in treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a very common disorder affecting virtually every adolescent at some point in time. Topical treatment of acne involves the use of retinoids and antimicrobials. Antimicrobials reduce P. acne population and are effective for treatment of inflammatory lesions. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical ciprofloxacin solution and compared it with topical erythromycin solution. The study was a prospective single-blind clinical trial. One hundred patients with mild to moderate acne were enrolled. The patients were randomly treated with topical application of 0.3% ciprofloxacin or 4% erythromycin solutions. For a six week period, they were visited every two weeks. Acne severity index [ASI] was calculated in each visit and recorded. Ninety-three patients completed the study, 50 patients in the ciprofloxacin and 43 in the erythromycin groups. Irritation was generally mild for both treatments and no discontinuation was reported because of adverse effects. There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups in reduction of comedons or papules but reduction of pustules was greater in ciprofloxacin treatment group after 4 weeks. ASI was reduced in the two groups but in ciprofloxacin treated patients, this reduction was more significant at all follow up visits. The results of this study indicate that topical solutions of erythromycin and ciprofloxacin were effective in treating mild to moderate acne vulgaris and both were well-tolerated by the patients. Ciprofloxacin solution produced greater reduction in pustule counts and ASI, during the six week period of twice-daily application. This novel modality may have an important potential role in rotational topical therapy of inflammatory acne lesions

Reacción alérgica a ciprofloxacina: descripción de un caso clínico / Allergic reaction to ciprofloxacin: a case report

We report a patient with a severe cutaneous and systemic reaction to ciprofloxacin after its use for treatment of urinary tract infection. To obtain a more accurate diagnosis, a Prick test as well as a challenge low- dose oral test were performed which yielded a positive result. Both tests suggest, in this case, an IgE mediated immune reaction.

Las reacciones alérgicas a quinolonas son infrecuentes. Se describe a continuación el caso clínico de una paciente con una reacción cutánea y sistémica grave a ciprofloxacina, posterior a su indicación por una infección del tracto urinario. Para obtener un diagnóstico más exacto, se realizó un Prick-test el cual fue positivo, así como pruebas de provocación con una exposición oral a dosis bajas. En la prueba de provocación efectuada con 250 mg de ciprofloxacina oral, presentó prurito, tos y disnea. Ambas pruebas sugieren, en este caso, un mecanismo mediado por IgE.

Alta correlación entre el consumo de ciprofloxacina y la prevalencia de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido / High relationship between ciprofloxacin use and prevalence of ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background: To assess the relationship between ciprofloxacin use and the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients and Methods: Semestral mean values regarding use of antibiotic and prevalence of ESBL Kp were compared during 9 semesters using linear regression and coefficient of correlation. Results: The only statistically significant correlation was ciprofloxacin use and ESBL(+) K. pneumoniae prevalence, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.86 and p = 0.0027 using linear regression. Conclusions: Ciprofloxacin use must be taking into account when considering infection control programs due to high prevalence rates of ESBL(+) K. pneumoniae in the hospital setting.

Fundamento: Evaluar la correlación entre el consumo de cefalosporinas de tercera generación y ciprofloxacina con la prevalencia de cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Pacientes y Métodos: Los valores promedios semestrales, correspondientes a consumo y prevalencia se compararon durante 9 semestres, usando coeficiente de correlación y regresión lineal. Resultados: La única asociación que resultó estadísticamente significativa, fue la correspondiente al consumo de ciprofloxacina y K. pneumoniae BLEE (+), con un coeficiente de correlación de 0,86 y una p de 0,0027, en el análisis de regresión lineal. Conclusiones: El consumo de ciprofloxacina debe ser tenido en cuenta al momento de establecer programas de control de infecciones frente a elevadas tasas de prevalencia de K. pneumoniae productoras de BLEE en un hospital.

The Hematologic Response to Anti-apoptotic Cytokine Therapy: Results of Pentoxifylline, Ciprofloxacin, and Dexamethasone Treatment for Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome

TNF-alpha mediated apoptosis of the hematopoietic cells has been thought to contribute to the ineffective hematopoiesis observed in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The combination of pentoxifylline (P) and ciprofloxacin (C) has been shown to reduce the serum levels of TNF-alpha, and an earlier trial of P and C with dexamethasone (D) provided good palliation for patients with MDS. The purpose of this study is to assess the hematologic response to PCD therapy for patients suffering with MDS. 21 of 25 patients who completed at least of 12 weeks of treatment were evaluable for the treatment efficacy. At baseline, the patient's median age was 60 yr (range: 18-75 yr). The diagnoses according to WHO classification included: RA (n=5), RCMD (n=10), RARS (n=1), RCMD/RS (n=1), RAEB (3), and CMML (n=1). 11 patients (52%) had at least single lineage response. 3 patients (11%) showed improvement of triple lineage cytopenia. There were no differences in the response rates between the FAB subtypes. The median time to response was 4 weeks (range: 2-12 weeks), and it is interesting that 9 of 11 patients who had a response remained without relapse for a median of 177 days (range: 78-634 days). These preliminary results indicate that anti-cytokine therapy with PCD is an effective and well tolerated palliative treatment for patients with MDS.

Uso de antibióticos y riesgo de complicación infecciosa en biopsias prostáticas transrectales: estudio de casos y controles / Use of antibiotic and risk of infectious complications in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy: case-control study

La biopsia prostática transrectal ecoguiada es un procedimiento bien tolerado y con un bajo nivel de complicaciones. Éstas suelen ser hemorrágicas o infecciosas. Debido a una tasa inusualmente elevada de complicaciones infecciosas, decidimos caracterizar a este grupo de pacientes. Estudio de casos y controles. Se analizan 233 biopsias prostáticas transrectales realizadas entre el 1 de agosto de 2003 y el 31 de mayo de 2004, todas con anestesia local periprostática. Los pacientes recibieron preparación con ciprofloxacino (2 dosis de 500 mg previo al examen y 8 dosis posterior a éste) y enema fleet (2 aplicaciones previo al examen). Cuarenta y tres pacientes habían recibido previamente este antibiótico como tratamiento por distintas causas. Se registraron complicaciones en 9 pacientes (3,9 por ciento). Hubo 2 casos de orquiepididimitis, 1 de sepsis sin foco clínico y 6 casos de prostatitis aguda. En dos de estos últimos se registró un cuadro séptico concomitante. El promedio global de hospitalización fue de 5,4 días. El promedio de punciones fue de 14,3 para los pacientes con complicaciones y de 13,4 para los no complicados (p=0,15). En los 9 pacientes con complicaciones infecciosas, los urocultivos y/o hemocultivos arrojaron una Escherichia coli. Seis de ellos habían estado expuestos al ciprofloxacino por 10 o más días durante los 2 meses previos a la biopsia. Las complicaciones infecciosas fueron significativamente más prevalentes entre los pacientes previamente expuestos al ciprofloxacino que en aquellos no expuestos (p=0,0001; OR 10,1). Todas las cepas encontradas, excepto en un paciente, demostraron ser resistentes al ciprofloxacino. A su vez, todas ellas, excepto una, eran sensibles a las cefalosporinas de 3a generación. No se registró resistencia a los carbapenems. La sensibilidad a los aminoglicósidos y sulfas fue variable en cada caso. Las infecciones post biopsia pueden constituir un cuadro grave. En estos casos, el germen más frecuentemente encontrado es la E. coli y su resistencia al ciprofloxacino es alta. El uso previo de este fármaco se asocia a un importante riesgo de complicación infecciosa. En estos pacientes, debiera considerarse un esquema alternativo de profilaxis antibiótica.

Antimicrobial-induced endotoxaemia in patients with sepsis in the field of acute pyelonephritis.

BACKGROUND: In vitro results have shown that antimicrobial agents may induce the Gram-negative bacteria to release endotoxins (LPS), which in turn, could trigger the secretion of cytokines from monocytes. AIMS: To compare the effect of cefuroxime, netilmicin or ciprofloxacin on serum levels of LPS and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). METHODS: Seventy-four patients with acute pyelonephritis caused by Gram-negative bacteria and signs of sepsis were randomly assigned to receive one of three intravenous regimens of cefuroxime, netilmicin or ciprofloxacin. Blood samples were collected before therapy and at specified time intervals for 96 hours after the initiation of treatment for the determination of serum levels of LPS and of TNFalpha. RESULTS: Patients treated with cefuroxime presented an early peak of LPS and of TNFalpha in serum two hours after the initiation of treatment compared to the other study groups. After that time interval, concentrations of LPS and TNFalpha were similar in all the study groups. Fever accompanied by endotoxaemia was still detected for 48 hours after the start of therapy in 36, 37.5 and 36% of patients treated with cefuroxime, netilmicin and ciprofloxacin respectively. The corresponding figures for these agents at 72 hours were 28, 12.5 and 24%, respective and 12, 4.2 and 4% at 96 hours (P value not significant). CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of an early peak in the serum levels of LPS and TNFalpha in patients treated with cefuroxime, no significant difference could be detected amongst the study groups as far as their effect on serum levels of LPS and TNFalpha were concerned. This suggests that these three antimicrobial agents may be administered safely at the early stages of sepsis.

Ciprofloxacin-induced QTc prolongation.

Ciprofloxacin has been widely used for treating infections and has been found to have very low cardiovascular side effects. QTc prolongation with the use of ciprofloxacin is yet to be reported in literature. A case report highlighting QTc prolongation by use of ciprofloxacin is being presented.

Ciprofloxacin in children: is arthropathy a limitation?

Two hundred and nineteen children treated with Ciprofloxacin were observed for drug related adverse reactions (ADR). ADR was observed in 35/219 (15.98%) children, arthropathy in 2/219 (0.9%) children only. All the ADR were reversible even on continuation of therapy except one child with arthropathy and no permanent sequele or death occurred as a drug related ADR.